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The Challenges of Tax Administration
Tax administration involves collecting taxes, ensuring they are filed correctly, and paying any outstanding amounts. This is a challenging role that can be rewarding when done correctly.
The tax administration model can affect a country’s tax system’s functioning by influencing how audits are performed, penalties assessed, and appeals reviewed. Different models also have technical implications. Call J. Gregory PEO for professional assistance.
Taxpayer service is the ability of a tax administration to provide quality assistance to individuals and businesses that need help complying with and fulfilling their tax obligations. It includes the provision of accurate and understandable information, the facilitation of tax payments, and addressing complaints and grievances. The taxpayer service also helps taxpayers avoid unnecessary delays and provides a smooth path to meeting their tax obligations.
The Federation of Tax Administrators (FTA) was established in 1937, and is a non-profit organisation which promotes the professional development of tax administrators and fosters the exchange of ideas and leading practices between them. Its members include state and local government officials responsible for administering motor fuel, tobacco, cannabis, and alcohol taxes, as well as the federal agencies that collect these taxes. The FTA also works with international bodies to support capacity development and analytical activities on tax and customs administration.
FTA has recently been involved in the development of a series of OECD publications to support its work with member tax administrations. These publications examine best practices for tax administration, and are intended to help countries to develop effective policies that will improve the efficiency of their systems.
Providing top-quality customer service is essential for any tax administration. In the United States, the IRS has been working hard to do just that. The agency is making significant strides in improving the taxpayer experience, such as implementing an automated callback feature to reduce wait times during the 2020 filing season. This service saved more than 486,000 hours of taxpayers’ time, and the IRS has a goal of expanding the callback option to all of its phone lines by 2024.
Audit
As an essential part of implementing tax systems, the audit function examines taxpayers’ compliance and ensures that taxes are collected properly. It is often the most challenging aspect of a tax administration, because it involves dealing with citizens and businesses and collecting an uncertain quantity of complex transactions. This is made more difficult by economic complexity, changing relationships with taxpayers and the rapid evolution of digitalisation and data and technology.
Typically, the tax administration conducts an annual audit on all taxpayers. While countries differ in the way they organize the audit, most have some form of risk assessment to identify potentially high-risk taxpayers for review. This may involve a risk-based approach, or it may be based on factors such as turnover or balance sheet size. Some countries use a comprehensive approach to auditing all taxpayers by conducting full field audits and extensive desk audits, while others take a mixed approach that includes both full coverage and limited desk or records examinations.
In some cases, effective auditing is compromised by skewed incentives in the tax system that distort the behaviour of staff. For example, in some countries, there are incentives for audit officers to increase audit adjustments and penalties as a percentage of total revenue collected, which can lead to aggressive or unfair practices that undermine tax compliance.
Another common problem is the lack of clarity and consistency in the rules governing administrative functions. For example, there are often large discrepancies between the physical volumes and prices established by resource accounting procedures and those recorded in companies’ tax returns, which can affect the amount of tax owed. In addition, in some countries, there are no established procedures for companies to make direct tax repayments. These problems can be difficult to overcome, but a few simple changes can have a major impact on the quality of auditing and other administrative functions.
Collection
A tax administration that collects the right amount of taxes is critical for economic stability. However, the collection of taxes can be challenging, especially in developing countries. Tax administrations need to be highly-efficient in order to meet this challenge. A number of approaches can help them improve performance, including the use of quick wins. These quick-win measures can include tackling problems identified by senior tax officials and closing sector-specific tax loopholes. These measures can also be used to identify areas where reforms are needed in the long run.
Centralizing tax administration can significantly reduce collection and enforcement costs. However, it is important to design structures that allow lower levels of government some control over base and rate structures. This option allows subnational authorities to manage local taxpayers without loss of macroeconomic control, and it also can reduce administrative costs through scale economies.
Another way to improve collection is to increase the size of the formal economy and discourage informal businesses from operating out of the system. This can be done by requiring government workers to check a registry of taxpayers before permitting them to send money abroad, sponsor work visas or apply for public contracts. It is also helpful to implement registration systems that can provide feedback on whether the register is up-to-date.
The tax administration can also collaborate with private debt collection agencies to work on delinquent cases. These agencies can often find more creative ways to settle the debt, which can be beneficial to the taxpayer’s financial status. The IRS is allowed to assign a case to these agencies only after it has informed the taxpayer of the assignment in writing. In addition, the agency must provide a notice of any future debt collection action.
Enforcement
The revenue service is a government agency responsible for collecting taxes and other government revenue and investigating tax fraud or evasion. The revenue service may also be charged with providing services to taxpayers, such as educating them on their tax filing and payment obligations and conducting audits.
In the United States, local offices of the IRS oversee collection of state and local taxes. The office is responsible for educating taxpayers, processing tax returns, resolving taxpayer issues and providing quality customer service. The office must maintain an accurate inventory of cases and submit aging reports to management on a weekly or monthly basis. It is also responsible for a variety of other administrative duties, including dealing with taxpayer appeals and acting as the supervisory arm of the department.
Tax administration is a key element in the overall success of economic policies and the effectiveness of governments. This is why it is important to identify the health of an administration through an objective and independent assessment. This is possible through various EU tools, such as the Tax Administration Diagnostic Assessment Tool.
It is important to note that increasing enforcement without structural reforms is akin to putting a bandage on a leaking ship, as it will only result in more innocent people being caught up in the net and the potential for more privacy breaches (see NTU and NTUF’s commentary). The Treasury’s brief pays lip service to improving taxpayer service through increased funding but this would be difficult given that the IRS is working with outdated IT infrastructure—its Individual Master File and Business Master File contain hundreds of millions of records, are coded using low-level assembly language from the 1950s and were recently exposed as part of the COVID-19 pandemic response.
Compliance
A country’s citizens must comply with the laws that govern taxation. If they do not, the government will have a hard time providing essential services. For example, Medicare and Social Security may cease to exist and city infrastructure could become dilapidated and unsafe.
In order for citizens to comply with tax laws, the institutions that enforce them must be seen as legitimate by the people. This can be achieved by showing that the government is spending its tax revenues wisely. This can be accomplished by ensuring that taxes are used for top-notch infrastructure, quality health care and education.
Another factor that influences compliance is how much a citizen has to pay in taxes. In the United States, for example, the federal income tax is the main source of revenue, but state and local governments also impose a variety of other taxes.
Tax regulations are frequently revised to reflect changes in the economy and business operations. These changes can be challenging for businesses to keep up with, which is why it is important for them to engage in comprehensive tax planning throughout the year. This practice helps them anticipate changes to tax regulations, which will allow them to remain compliant.
The IRS aims to make it easier for taxpayers to meet their regulatory obligations by publishing guidance in plain language on its website. This guidance is available for free and provides an overview of common tax topics. The IRS also offers a variety of publications that provide more detailed guidance on specific topics.
There are many ways to stay informed about the latest developments in tax legislation. Attending industry-leading conferences and seminars is one way to do so. Subscribing to newsletters and blogs from professional associations is another. And finally, digital accounting services can review various scenarios and tax estimates for a company and help develop a strategy that meets its needs.
What Does a Florist Do?
DFW Florist assemble and arrange flowers into aesthetically pleasing designs. They create floral arrangements for special occasions such as weddings, birthdays, holidays, and funerals.
They also sell bouquets and other vases to their customers. Many florists own their own shops and some work in supermarkets that offer a flower department.
Some florists specialize in specific types of designs. For example, they may focus on modern/European style.
Design
Floral designers create floral arrangements for various events and occasions based on the client’s preferences and specifications. They use their creativity and knowledge of floral varieties and design principles to craft beautiful and harmonious compositions. Florists also provide customer consultations and offer advice on flower selection and arrangement. They may also assist clients in choosing gift items and vases for their home or business.
In floral design, proportion refers to the size and relationship of one element to another. It’s important for florists to have a clear understanding of scale, so that they can balance the weight and volume of each floral component. They must also ensure that the proportion of flowers and foliage is consistent throughout the design. The correct use of proportion can create a sense of harmony and balance and create a cohesive and pleasing visual experience for the audience.
Lines are an important aspect of floral arranging and can have a profound impact on the overall design. Using vertical lines can accentuate height and add depth to an arrangement, while horizontal and diagonal lines can evoke movement or a feeling of calm. The choice of lines is an essential part of the overall design, as it can communicate a theme or mood to the audience.
A successful floral design website should include high-quality images of beautiful bouquets and flower installations. It should also showcase the services offered by the business, including flower delivery and custom designs. It’s a good idea to post testimonials and social media contests to promote your business. These marketing strategies can help you gain credibility and attract more customers. You can also choose a WordPress theme that includes all the essential features for your floral design website.
Arrangement
A florist is an individual who creates unique floral arrangements. These arrangements can include bouquets, centerpieces, wreaths, and other decorative items. Florists must have a keen eye for color, texture, and design aesthetics to create arrangements that are visually appealing and appropriate for the occasion or event.
Florists also manage the day-to-day business operations of their floral shops. This includes ordering flowers from domestic and international wholesalers, and managing customer records and invoices. They may also be responsible for sales and marketing activities, including creating brochures, flyers, social media posts, participating in bridal shows, and developing relationships with event planners and wedding coordinators.
Floral arrangements can be made for a variety of occasions and events, including birthdays, anniversaries, holidays, and funerals. Holidays and events are the largest portion of a florist’s business. During these times, it is common for people to purchase flowers in traditional shades of red, pink, and white. It is also common for spouses and significant others to give flowers to one another on Valentine’s Day.
Dried wreaths and arrangements are also popular during the winter months, especially around Christmas. Some florists also provide services for corporate events like product launches, holiday parties, and trade shows.
One of the most important days for a couple is their wedding day. Most couples hire a florist to create an arch or other type of altar installation to serve as the backdrop for their ceremony and photos. A florist is also responsible for setting up all flower decor on the day of the wedding. This is a huge undertaking and can be very stressful for the bride. Having a florist help with this will ease the stress and make the day run more smoothly for the bride and groom.
Lines
A florist specializes in creating one-of-a-kind floral arrangements for a variety of occasions. This profession demands a unique blend of creativity, horticultural skills, and business management skills. Florists must also possess an eye for detail to ensure that their designs meet each customer’s specific needs and expectations. In addition, florists must follow strict sanitation practices to prevent the spread of pathogens that could affect the lifespan of their products. This includes maintaining proper storage and handling techniques, as well as using disinfectants and cleaners to keep their coolers and working spaces clean.
The design element known as lines plays an important role in a floral designer’s work. This element is a unique characteristic of botanical stems that can be used to shape and structure an arrangement. While the possibilities for incorporating lines into a design are endless, the most successful designers understand the importance of selecting and utilizing the right lines.
Lines that run parallel to each other give a static impression and symbolize stability and serenity in an arrangement. Dynamic lines, which can be curved, zigzagged, or slanted, add movement to the design and capture the essence of nature’s inherent balance.
Large flower farms pack and ship their flowers in boxes that are designed to withstand a moderate amount of handling. The flowers then travel by air or refrigerated truck to wholesale distributors, who sell them to retail florists. Florists are the final link in this chain of distribution, and must ensure that their product maintains its quality throughout the process. To accomplish this, they use multiple disinfectants and sanitizers to keep their coolers, working areas, and overall shops clean. This process helps to reduce the chance of contamination and extend the life of cut flowers.
Shapes
Floral designers are often concerned with the form of both individual flowers and arrangements. This includes the height, width and depth of an arrangement as well as how a flower grows or blooms.
The shape of a flower, or its habit, refers to how petals and other floral parts hang from the stem. This can be erect, with all petals and other parts pointed straight upwards; horizontal, with all points at a right angle to the stem; or nodding, hanging loosely downwards.
Using different shapes of floral foam allows florists to create all kinds of designs for any occasion. From the fanciest wedding bouquets to simple tribute flowers for funerals. The shapes of the foam help them to maintain the shape of the design and offer support for the weight of flowers and greenery. Using the proper size of floral wire helps them to anchor the stems and create bows. They also use a variety of other items to keep the flowers and greenery secure, including floral tape grids, chicken wire forms, floral foam and pin frogs.
Florists love to follow other florists on social media, as it ignites their creativity and helps them see the latest trends. Many floral designers also host workshops and classes, so they’re always up to date on the latest techniques and trends.
A crescent-shaped flower arrangement is a gorgeous choice for any special occasion. It’s a modern, glamorous design style that works well with eastern design styles as well as tropical flowers.
Color
Florists use color to create atmosphere, express emotion and celebrate special occasions. They use the color wheel to select colors that complement each other and enhance their floral creations. They also take into account the cultural significance of different flowers, as they often have very specific meanings in different countries and cultures. For example, red roses are symbolic of love in many cultures, whereas poppies are used to commemorate those who have died in war.
Floral designers must have a wide range of skills in order to be successful, including horticultural and design expertise. They must be able to identify and select the right kind of flower, and then arrange it in a way that is both pleasing to the eye and structurally sound. In addition to creating unique arrangements, they must be able to manage their business and interact with customers in a professional manner.
Many florists operate their own businesses, while others work in flower shops, garden centers, and even event planning companies. They must have a good understanding of the business side of the industry, including marketing, sales, and accounting. They may also need to attend a TAFE course or other training program in order to become licensed and qualified.
While a college degree is not required to become a florist, a bachelor’s or master’s degree in business administration can be beneficial, especially if the florist wants to start their own company. In addition, many large companies and high-end hotels/resorts prefer to work with florists who have completed a formal flower arrangement training program such as the one offered by QC Event School. In addition, those who wish to open their own flower shop must have a license from the local government.
How Does Microneedling Work?
After applying a numbing cream, the dermatologist will use a pen-shaped or rolling tool with tiny needles. The procedure causes a bit of bleeding, but the small wounds are not painful. Contact Microneedling San Diego now!
The skin tries to heal the tiny holes by boosting collagen production, which helps reduce wrinkles, stretch marks and improve skin tone and texture. The treatment can be done alone or combined with other procedures.
Acne scars can be some of the most frustrating and difficult to treat. Microneedling helps reduce the appearance of acne scars by stimulating the production of new collagen. This new collagen creates smoother skin with a more even tone and texture, reducing the appearance of scars. It also improves the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
During this procedure, your dermatologist will make small pricks in the skin using a pen-like tool with tiny needles. The skin is usually anesthetized first to prevent pain. This process takes about 30 minutes. After the treatment, the area may be red or inflamed for a few days, but it will fade. Some people will need a series of treatments to see results, while others will get the desired results after just one or two sessions.
This treatment is safe for all skin tones and types. The only side effects you might experience are minor skin irritation and possibly some bruising, but both of these should go away within a few days. Some darker skin tones are more prone to discoloration or hyperpigmentation after microneedling, so it’s important that you consult with your dermatologist to find the best treatment for your specific skin tone.
Before the procedure begins, your dermatologist will sterilize the face with saline or povidone iodine. They will then apply a topical anesthetic cream that contains lidocaine and prilocaine. A dermaroller is then used that has 192 microneedles in eight rows that are 0.5mm-1 mm long. The needles are made of medical grade stainless steel and are presterilized before use.
The dermaroller is then rolled across the face in various directions, including vertical, horizontal, and oblique, to help reduce acne scars. During this process, the needles penetrate through the epidermis and into the dermis, where the healing process starts.
The small wounds caused by the needles stimulate your skin to produce more collagen, which reduces the appearance of acne scars and fine lines and wrinkles. Many patients notice their acne scars lessening after just a few treatments. Some even have fewer and smaller scars, while others see their pockmarks disappear altogether.
Wrinkles
When it comes to reducing wrinkles and fine lines, microneedling is one of the most effective non-surgical treatments. The “controlled injury” process opens up your skin with tiny tears, which then promotes collagen production to fill in and smooth out wrinkled areas.
In addition to smoothing out lines on the face, microneedling can also help reduce the appearance of stretch marks and large pores. It’s also great for the neck and cleavage area, which can often develop wrinkles due to sun damage or muscle movement.
You may notice some redness after a microneedling session, but this is normal and typically doesn’t last long. If you have sensitive skin, your dermatologist will apply a topical anesthetic before beginning the procedure. The pen-like tool used during the procedure makes little pricks in your skin, but these are so tiny that you can’t feel them once the treatment is over. Many patients describe the feeling as similar to a slight vibration or scratching sensation.
While microneedling is great for treating most types of scars, it doesn’t work as well on large lacerations or pock marks. It works best on scars that result in tenting or thinning of the skin, rather than deep depressions or a lot of wrinkling.
Another cool benefit of microneedling is that it improves skin tone by breaking apart the pigmentation that results from aging or damage from the sun. Combined with laser therapy, this can help even your complexion and look younger.
In order to get the best possible results, you should schedule a consultation with a board-certified dermatologist before getting microneedling treatment. During this appointment, your dermatologist will take a close look at the skin you want treated and determine whether the procedure is right for you. They’ll be able to tell you how many sessions you will need and how much improvement you should expect to see. They will also be able to give you a better idea of how much your desired results are likely to cost. Some treatments, like those for acne scars, may require multiple sessions and a significant investment.
Stretch Marks
Stretch marks are a common skin condition that occur when the body grows faster than it can handle. These lines commonly appear after pregnancy or periods of rapid weight gain, and they can affect people of all ages. Many women and men struggle to find effective treatments for minimizing the appearance of their stretch marks, but one treatment that has been shown to be effective is microneedling.
This treatment works by puncturing the skin with tiny needles, and it is usually done by a licensed esthetician or skincare professional. The first step in the process is to consult with an expert and make sure that microneedling is a safe option for your unique needs and skin type. Once you have a good understanding of the procedure, you can schedule a series of appointments for it to begin.
Before the treatment begins, the specialist will apply numbing cream to the areas where it is being performed, and this will help prevent pain during the procedure. Once the area is numb, the practitioner will use a device that has small sterile needles to create small micro-injuries on the surface of the skin. The damage to the skin caused by this process is not painful, and it actually encourages your body to respond to the injury with new collagen production.
The increased collagen production will eventually cause the stretch marks to fade and become less noticeable. In some cases, the marks will completely disappear, but most patients require a series of three to six treatments for visible results to occur.
Microneedling is a safe and effective way to minimize the appearance of stretch marks, and it can be used on all types of skin tones and colors. It is a minimally invasive treatment, and it can be used on areas that are hard to reach with other treatments, such as the back of the arms or neck. If you are interested in learning more about how this treatment can benefit you, please contact us today to schedule a consultation. We will be happy to answer your questions and help you achieve the results you want!
Skin Tightening
In this era of show-and-tell skin care on Instagram, microneedling has become a popular treatment for smoothing out wrinkles and diminishing acne scars. But how does it work, exactly? It’s a little bit scary-sounding, but it’s actually quite safe when performed by a trained dermatologist. Microneedling involves pricking your skin with tiny needles to stimulate the body’s healing response and create new tissue. It works well to reduce fine lines and wrinkles and stretch marks, and it also helps with skin tone, texture and hydration.
The procedure begins with a numbing cream being smoothed over your face so you don’t feel the needle pricks. Then, the person performing the treatment will move a pen-shaped or rolling tool with small needles across your face. This creates tiny injuries that your body will then use to produce collagen, which will fill in the holes and smooth out your wrinkles.
For deep lines and wrinkles, a dermatologist may recommend combining microneedling with radiofrequency treatment. Insulated needles penetrate the skin, causing a heat effect that can help tighten your skin while stimulating the production of more collagen.
You’ll need to follow a special skincare routine and protect your skin from the sun after a microneedling treatment. Then, results will appear gradually as your body produces more collagen and heals its damaged areas. It can take several months for you to see your full results.
Aside from helping with a variety of skin issues, microneedling can also be used to treat pock marks and reduce heavy, dark marks caused by acne or trauma. The procedure is also effective at treating sun damage, which can cause blotchiness and discoloration.
While there are limited large studies on the effectiveness of microneedling for these conditions, anecdotal reports and small case-series studies indicate significant improvements in many cases. If you’re interested in learning more about this innovative technique, contact your dermatologist to schedule an appointment. They can evaluate your needs and determine if this treatment will be effective for you. You can find a board-certified dermatologist by visiting Find a Dermatologist and entering your state and zip code.
Understanding Puppy Development
Sheepadoodle Puppies For Sale In Ohio goes through various stages of development. Understanding these stages can help you ensure your puppy has positive experiences that will lead to a well-adjusted adult dog.
From birth to two weeks old, puppies are blind and deaf, relying on their mother for food and care. They learn social skills, including bite inhibition, rank structure, and physical coordination through interactions with littermates.
Infancy
Newborn puppies are helpless and reliant on their mother, but within just a few weeks they develop into bouncing, inquisitive little dogs. This rapid change is a fascinating time to watch, but can also be daunting for new puppy owners. To make it easier to understand, we’ve put together a week-by-week guide to a puppy’s development. From complete reliance on their mum to playful, inquisitive puppies ready for the next phase of their lives in a loving home.
During this period, the mother provides her puppies with their first source of immunity through her colostrum, which is the first milk they drink after birth. Puppies that don’t receive enough colostrum can suffer from several health issues, including Neonatal Septicemia. This is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition that can occur when puppies don’t get enough maternal antibodies to fight off infections.
At this stage, puppies are becoming more coordinated and can play with their litter mates. Play is one of the most important developmental activities that puppies engage in, as it teaches them how to communicate with each other and develop their motor skills. Puppies will begin to chew more, too, which is a way for them to explore their environment and learn about textures.
This is a vulnerable stage that can be impacted by a variety of sources of trauma, such as excessive handling, loud noises (like thunderstorms and fireworks), and medical procedures like vaccinations and spay/neuter. Puppies who experience trauma during this time can develop fears and anxieties about people, other animals, and even certain objects or situations.
Another source of trauma that impacts puppy development is attachment trauma, which can lead to separation anxiety later in life if puppies are overly attached to their people. Providing puppies with adequate exposure to different people during this period helps them avoid developing attachment and fear-based behaviors.
Early Socialization
The socialization period that begins at around three weeks of age is critical in shaping your puppy’s behavior and temperament for life. During this time, puppies learn to identify what is safe and comfortable, what is scary, and what is the appropriate level of play with other dogs (dominance versus submission). This knowledge will serve them well throughout their lives.
During this critical period, a puppy is a clingy, curious, exploratory, fearless little thing that will be easily influenced by her environment. If a puppy is not exposed to enough stimulating environments in the form of people, other dogs, and different terrains, she will develop fears and anxieties that will affect her behavior as an adult dog. If she is exposed to too much stimulation in the form of a chaotic home, inappropriate handling techniques, and over-stimulation from too many puppies and other dogs she may be too stressed to be receptive to training and human contact as an adult dog.
Puppies spend every moment they are alive with their moms and littermates, learning to be a dog from them. If a puppy is taken away from her mother too early, she will be less confident and outgoing with humans and other animals and will be more likely to become fearful of unfamiliar or scary species as an adult. This is a normal process, but it can be reversed through proper remedial socialization and classical conditioning.
Anxious, fearful puppies do not make good companions, as they are not fun to live with and are more likely to be reactive and aggressive towards their owners. It is highly advisable to seek out experienced and knowledgeable puppy class trainers, as the quality of the class and the instructor’s “dogmanship” will greatly impact the level of stress and enjoyment that your pup has in a class environment.
Puppies are naturally inquisitive and like to investigate new items, surfaces, and environments. When introducing your puppy to new objects, encourage her exploration with food, toys, and positive associations to build a desire for these new experiences. Do not force her to interact with any objects or surfaces she is reluctant to investigate, especially if they are at a higher elevation, slippery, or unstable. Wait until she voluntarily approaches the item or surface and then offer her a reward to create a positive association.
Developmental Milestones
Puppies go through a lot of change during their first few months of life. They move through several puppy developmental stages that influence their behavior and socialization as they grow into adult dogs. Understanding what happens during these important milestones is critical to training and managing a well-behaved dog.
During the neonatal period, puppies are heavily influenced by their mother. She teaches them how to behave, eat, and urinate. Puppies learn to play and gain social skills from their litter mates, such as inhibited biting (biting during play, not to hurt). The mother also teaches her puppies how to communicate with each other, using body language and vocalization. She licks the anogenital region of her puppies to stimulate urination and defecation, and she keeps them warm by cuddling them.
At around two weeks of age, the puppies begin to emerge from their neonate stage. Their brain development speeds up, and they are more able to interact with their environment. They can now crawl, vocalize, and use their eyes to respond to sound. Puppies will actively seek their mothers and can become frightened or stressed if they are separated from them. This is a time when early human socialization is important, as puppies need to learn that humans are a safe and fun place to be.
The second phase of puppy development occurs between four and 16 weeks, and is known as the “socialization window.” It’s during this time that a puppy is sponging up life lessons from all their experiences, and these will shape their future personalities.
This is a great time to start exposing puppies to a variety of people, including those of different sizes, genders, and ages. Puppies should also be introduced to a wide range of objects and sounds, as this will help them learn that the world is a safe place. It’s a good idea to begin toilet training at this point, too.
By the end of this puppy development phase, a dog should have learned to sit and stay on command, be crate trained, come when called, and wait politely for meals. They should also have nailed housetraining and should be interacting with other dogs and humans safely and positively.
Training
Puppies need plenty of play to burn energy, but they’ll also spend time exploring their surroundings on their own. They might run, chase balls or sticks, splash in puddles, or even play tug of war with their favorite toy. Vigorous play strengthens the puppy-human bond, helps relieve excess energy, and provides a safe way for them to explore new things. If a pup’s exercise needs aren’t met, that excess energy can result in destructive behavior such as chewing and barking, digging, or climbing on furniture.
As puppies grow older, their brains continue to develop and they’re able to learn more about the world around them. This is a good time to begin teaching them basic commands and tricks, such as sit, down, stay, heel, come, and rollover. It’s also a great idea to start training them to walk on a leash and socialize with family members and friends in a safe and controlled manner.
One of the most important “fear imprint periods” occurs in dogs from 8-11 weeks, so it’s important to expose your puppy to as many people, places, sights, and sounds as possible in a safe and controlled way. This will help them learn that the world is a positive place and that their humans are there to guide and protect them.
A study investigated the effects of a series of challenging exercises on the early socialization of dog puppies. The puppies were divided into a treatment and control group and each group was exposed to age-appropriate noise exposure, novel objects, and problem-solving tasks over 3-6 weeks. The results showed that the treatment group was bolder in their exploration of a novel object, whimpered less after hearing a loud noise, and solved the problem-solving task with more persistence than the control group.
However, at six months of age, the effect of the challenge exercises was no longer apparent. This may be because the study was conducted very early in the socialization period and it would be necessary to continue the challenge exercises for a longer period to see the effect.
